Among others, a reason for the high number of hazards is the work environment's unpredictable and dynamic nature, where tasks are generally very similar, but unique from one construction site to another (Pinto et al., 2011). The main reasons for fatalities in the construction industry are falls, slips, and trips, which correspond to 37% (368 deaths), and struck-by hazards 15% (170 deaths Brown et al., 2021) hence, the focus of the activities carried out in this work. According to a report on labor statistics in the United States (BLS, 2020), fatalities in the private construction industry correspond to 21% (1008) of all workplace-related fatalities (4764). The construction industry is among the industries with the most hazardous workplaces. Moreover, they are utilized in our PtD/P tool SafeConAI, and empirical evaluation results show how the safety situation changes among different construction schedules of the same project. The benchmark model and ontology enable the construction safety community to test and compare the performance of alternative automated approaches. This work presents a freely available 4D BIM-based benchmark model (3D Building Information Model and 68 schedules) and construction safety ontology covering the two most frequent and severe construction site accidents: falls from height and struck-by falling object hazards. Barriers include a lack of standardization of construction safety concepts within regulatory frameworks and a lack of confidence in automated approaches on the part of practitioners. Despite this, such automated approaches are yet to be widely adopted in practice. ![]() Over the last two decades, numerous approaches have been developed for automating construction safety assessment, that is, prevention through design and planning (PtD/P), that overcome the limitations of a purely manual safety assessment process.
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